Archive for April, 2008

THE NIGHTINGALE PLEDGE

I solemnly pledge myself before God and in the presence of this assembly:
To pass my life in purity and to practice my profession faithfully;
I will abstain from whatever is deleterious and mischievous and will not take or knowingly administer any harmful drug; I will do all in my power to maintain and elevate the standard of the profession, and will hold in confidence all personal matters committed to my keeping and all family affairs coming to my knowledge in the practice of my calling;
With loyalty will I endeavor to aid the physician in his work, and devote myself to the Welfare of those committed to my care.

RELEVANCE OF THE POLITICAL PROCESS FOR NURSES

Politics is the way in which people in any society try to influence decision making
and the allocation of resources. Because resources (money, time, and personnel)
are limited, it is necessary to make choices regarding their use. There is no perfect
process for making optimum choices, because whenever one valuable option is chosen,
some other option must be left out. Politics is a part of every organization and a
part of government at every level. In a democratic society, all individuals can choose to be
involved at some level in this decision-making process. This chapter presents the political
process, discusses some of the current issues in regard to political decisions, and describes
how you can play a role in the political arena and in nursing organizations.
Nurses always have been involved in politics. Florence Nightingale used her contacts with powerful men in government to obtain supplies and the personnel she needed to care for wounded soldiers in the Crimea (Woodham-Smith, 1983). Hannah Ropes was able to fight incompetence and obtain decent care for wounded Civil War soldiers because she understood who the influential people in Washington were and who would be receptive to her efforts on the soldiers’ behalf (Lienhard, 2002.) Isabel Hampton used the buildup and excitement of the World’s Fair and Columbian Exposition to bring together nurse leaders to form the first nursing organization.
Modern times are no different. With many voices competing to be heard in the decisionmaking
circles of any nation, the person who understands power and politics is the one most
likely to obtain the resources needed to accomplish desired ends.
Health care is costly, and public dollars can be and are spent in many ways to provide
health care. What part of the federal budget should be allocated to health care? What part of
the state budget? The local governmental budget? Of the money allocated, what part should be
used for preventive health programs? What part for research? What part for care and treatment?
What part for education? What diseases or conditions should be targeted for investigation?
Who should receive those dollars? Where can more dollars be obtained? These questions are
answered by legislation and by administrative decisions of governmental agencies.
Decisions also must be made in health care agencies. What positions will be funded? What
equipment purchased? What programs should be adopted and which of the current programs
should be dropped? These questions are answered by committees, managers, and governing
boards. Nursing organizations are confronted with similar questions. What is the role of the organization? Should resources be spent on benefits for members? On activities relevant to the nursing profession as a whole? On activities related to general health care? In the political arena? How can nurses affect decision making? What is the individual’s role as a nurse in the organization? These questions may be answered by representative assemblies, committees and commissions, and elected officers.
Knowing where the decision making occurs, who makes the decision, and being familiar
with how you can influence that process is critical. Each governmental entity, agency, and
organization has its own mechanism for operating. However, they have many similarities that
can help you plan your activities.
Your practice as a nurse is controlled by a wide variety of governmental decisions. One
of the most basic is the Nurse Practice Act of your state. In that document, nursing is defined legally, and the scope of nursing practice is outlined. This document affects what you do each day that you practice. All of the philosophic discussions about the role of the nurse must return to the reality of the nurse’s role as legally defined in the state’s practice act. Do you care what that role is now or what changes are made in it? Does it make any difference to you what education that law requires, or if that law requires continuing education? Answering “yes” to any of these questions emphasizes the relevance of the political process for you.
Many decisions are made in the various nurses’ organizations. These organizations speak
for nurses in many settings. Are you happy with the way they are spending funds paid in dues?
Do you agree with all of the public statements they make? Do you support their mechanisms
for decision making? Are you happy with the image of nurses and nursing the public receives
from these organizations? Do you care what these organizations do with their resources? The
political process is an important part of their functioning, too.
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ASUHAN KEPERAWATAN PADA KLIEN DIABETES MELLITUS (KENCING MANIS)

DIAGNOSIS KEPERAWATAN PADA PASIEN DIABETES MELLITUS DENGAN GANGREN
Adapun diagnosa keperawatan yang muncul pada pasien gangren kaki diabetik adalah sebagai berikut :
1.Gangguan perfusi jaringan berhubungan dengan melemahnya / menurunnya aliran darah ke daerah gangren akibat adanya obstruksi pembuluh darah.
Tujuan : mempertahankan sirkulasi perifer tetap normal.
Kriteria Hasil : – Denyut nadi perifer teraba kuat dan reguler
– Warna kulit sekitar luka tidak pucat/sianosis
– Kulit sekitar luka teraba hangat.
– Oedema tidak terjadi dan luka tidak bertambah parah.
– Sensorik dan motorik membaik
Rencana tindakan :
1. Ajarkan pasien untuk melakukan mobilisasi
Rasional : dengan mobilisasi meningkatkan sirkulasi darah.
2. Ajarkan tentang faktor-faktor yang dapat meningkatkan aliran darah :
Tinggikan kaki sedikit lebih rendah dari jantung ( posisi elevasi pada waktu istirahat ), hindari penyilangkan kaki, hindari balutan ketat, hindari penggunaan bantal, di belakang lutut dan sebagainya.
Rasional : meningkatkan melancarkan aliran darah balik sehingga tidak terjadi oedema.
3. Ajarkan tentang modifikasi faktor-faktor resiko berupa :
Hindari diet tinggi kolestrol, teknik relaksasi, menghentikan kebiasaan merokok, dan penggunaan obat vasokontriksi.
Rasional : kolestrol tinggi dapat mempercepat terjadinya arterosklerosis, merokok dapat menyebabkan terjadinya vasokontriksi pembuluh darah, relaksasi untuk mengurangi efek dari stres.
4. Kerja sama dengan tim kesehatan lain dalam pemberian vasodilator, pemeriksaan gula darah secara rutin dan terapi oksigen ( HBO ).
Rasional : pemberian vasodilator akan meningkatkan dilatasi pembuluh darah sehingga perfusi jaringan dapat diperbaiki, sedangkan pemeriksaan gula darah secara rutin dapat mengetahui perkembangan dan keadaan pasien, HBO untuk memperbaiki oksigenasi daerah ulkus/gangren.

2.Gangguan integritas jaringan berhubungan dengan adanya gangren pada ekstrimitas.
Tujuan : Tercapainya proses penyembuhan luka.
Kriteria hasil : 1.Berkurangnya oedema sekitar luka.
2. pus dan jaringan berkurang
3. Adanya jaringan granulasi.
4. Bau busuk luka berkurang.
Rencana tindakan :
1. Kaji luas dan keadaan luka serta proses penyembuhan.
Rasional : Pengkajian yang tepat terhadap luka dan proses penyembuhan akan membantu dalam menentukan tindakan selanjutnya.
2. Rawat luka dengan baik dan benar : membersihkan luka secara abseptik menggunakan larutan yang tidak iritatif, angkat sisa balutan yang menempel pada luka dan nekrotomi jaringan yang mati.
Rasional : merawat luka dengan teknik aseptik, dapat menjaga kontaminasi luka dan larutan yang iritatif akan merusak jaringan granulasi tyang timbul, sisa balutan jaringan nekrosis dapat menghambat proses granulasi.
3. Kolaborasi dengan dokter untuk pemberian insulin, pemeriksaan kultur pus pemeriksaan gula darah pemberian anti biotik.
Rasional : insulin akan menurunkan kadar gula darah, pemeriksaan kultur pus untuk mengetahui jenis kuman dan anti biotik yang tepat untuk pengobatan, pemeriksaan kadar gula darahuntuk mengetahui perkembangan penyakit.

3.Gangguan rasa nyaman ( nyeri ) berhubungan dengan iskemik jaringan.
Tujuan : rasa nyeri hilang/berkurang
Kriteria hasil : 1.Penderita secara verbal mengatakan nyeri berkurang/hilang .
2. Penderita dapat melakukan metode atau tindakan untuk mengatasi atau mengurangi nyeri .
3. Pergerakan penderita bertambah luas.
4. Tidak ada keringat dingin, tanda vital dalam batas normal.( S : 36 – 37,5 0C, N: 60 – 80 x /menit, T : 100 – 130 mmHg, RR : 18 – 20 x /menit ).
Rencana tindakan :
1.Kaji tingkat, frekuensi, dan reaksi nyeri yang dialami pasien.
Rasional : untuk mengetahui berapa berat nyeri yang dialami pasien.
2.Jelaskan pada pasien tentang sebab-sebab timbulnya nyeri.
Rasional : pemahaman pasien tentang penyebab nyeri yang terjadi akan mengurangi ketegangan pasien dan memudahkan pasien untuk diajak bekerjasama dalam melakukan tindakan.
3.Ciptakan lingkungan yang tenang.
Rasional : Rangasanga yang berlebihan dari lingkungan akan memperberat rasa nyeri.
4.Ajarkan teknik distraksi dan relaksasi.
Rasional : Teknik distraksi dan relaksasi dapat mengurangi rasa nyeri yang dirasakan pasien.
5.Atur posisi pasien senyaman mungkin sesuai keinginan pasien.
Rasional : Posisi yang nyaman akan membantu memberikan kesempatan pada otot untuk relaksasi seoptimal mungkin.
6.Lakukan massage dan kompres luka dengan BWC saat rawat luka.
Rasional : massage dapat meningkatkan vaskulerisasi dan pengeluaran pus sedangkan BWC sebagai desinfektan yang dapat memberikan rasa nyaman.
7.Kolaborasi dengan dokter untuk pemberian analgesik.
Rasional : Obat –obat analgesik dapat membantu mengurangi nyeri pasien.

4.Keterbatasan mobilitas fisik berhubungan dengan rasa nyeri pada luka.
5.Gangguan pemenuhan nutrisi kurang dari kebutuhan tubuh berhubungan dengan intake makanan yang kurang.
6.Potensial terjadinya penyebaran infeksi ( sepsis ) berhubungan dengan tingginya kadar gula darah.
7.Cemas berhubungan dengan kurangnya pengetahuan tentang penyakitnya.
8.Kurangnya pengetahuan tentang proses penyakit, diet, perawatan dan pengobatan berhubungan dengan kurangnya informasi.
9.Gangguan gambaran diri berhubungan dengan perubahan bentuk salah satu anggota tubuh.
10.Ganguan pola tidur berhubungan dengan rasa nyeri pada luka di kaki.